Contested Authorities over Body Politics: The Religious/Secular Tension in Germany, Israel, and Turkey (complete)
Grant funding agency: German-Israeli Foundation (GIF)
This research is concerned with how conflicts between religion and secularity (i.e., secular and religious discourses, norms, actors, and institutions) are shaped differently in differing socio-legal contexts in the Middle East and Europe. Specifically, we will examine the way religion and secularity shape disputes and are shaped by disputes over “body politics,” that is, the laws governing what is permissible to do to the body and who has the authority to decide. Our study focuses on Germany, Israel, and Turkey. All three countries are allegedly secular states with monotheistic religious traditions, but each has its own understanding of the relationship between secularity, religion, and state law. Specifically, the proposed research will focus on current legal controversies that have erupted around the practice of male circumcision, posthumous organ donation, and abortion in Israel, Germany, and Turkey.
In contrast to more conventional studies of the relationship between state and religion, which privilege top-down constitutional analysis, our socio-legal micro-case study of body politics is based on a bottom-up approach. It demonstrates how the tension between secularity and religion rarely maps onto familiar distinctions such as between “passive” and “assertive” secularism (Kuru, 2009) and that secularity in different countries (no less than religion) presupposes a complex set of taken for granted assumptions about the physical body and about bodily authority. Understanding these complex relationships is especially important given significant changes in the role of religion in the public sphere in Germany, Turkey, and Israel and new geo-political dynamics between the Middle East and Europe.
Interests:
- Sociology of Law
- Sociology of Religion
- Bioethics
- Body Politics
- Gender
- Qualitative Research
Team
Gökce Yurdakul is Georg Simmel Professor of Diversity and Social Conflict at the Humboldt University and the co-chair in the Berlin Institute of Migration and Integration Research. She has published books and articles on immigrant integration, citizenship, Islam in Europe and issues of Muslim women in Western Europe and North America. Her most recent book is “The Headscarf Debates: Conflict in National Narratives” (2014, Stanford University Press, with Anna Korteweg; translated into German “Kopftuch_Debatten in Europa” by transcript Verlag, 2016).
Shai Lavi, the director of the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, is a professor in the Faculty of Law at Tel Aviv University, the director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, and the co-director of the Minerva Center for the Study of End of Life. He earned his first and second degrees in law and sociology at Tel Aviv University and his doctorate in law at the University of California, Berkeley. His area of specialization is the sociology of law and legal theory; he explores bioethical issues from historical and contemporary perspectives, with an emphasis on the use of technology in the beginning of life and at its end. He also engages in comparative research—in Germany, Turkey, and Israel—on issues related to legal regulation of the body and the tension between religion and secularity.
Gala Rexer is the project’s research coordinator. She is a PhD candidate at the Institute of Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin with a dissertation project entitled “Reproducing Bodies in Times of Crisis: Body Politics of Assisted Reproduction in the UK, Germany and Israel”. She studied Social Sciences at Humboldt University and completed a semester abroad at Tel Aviv University (Middle Eastern Studies). Gala Rexer worked as student and research assistant at German Institute of Urban Affairs (Difu) and the department of Diversity and Social Conflict, Humboldt University and is a feminist freelance journalist. Her research interests include postcolonial and feminist theories, biopolitics, (post)secularism, reproductive technologies, and sociology of the body
Since spring 2016, Shvat Eilat has been research assistant of Prof. Shai Lavi in the project. Since October 2015 she works as teaching assistant and academic tutor at the Sociology and Anthropology department, Tel Aviv University. Currently, she is about to finish her MA in Social Anthropology at Tel Aviv University with a thesis entitled: „To have a grave of her own: Israeli mothers and their claim for just burial for their stillborn children”. Furthermore, Shvat Eilat is a social worker and worked with people with severe Alzheimer’s disease, in long-term institutional care for elderly and end of life care. Her research interests involve death and burial in bureaucratic spaces, institutional rituals of bodies and body materials disposal, legal and state personhood, and legal conduct of bodies.
Morgana Karch is currently finishing her M.A. in European media studies at the University of Potsdam with a focus on art and norms after attaining a B.A. in art history and cultural studies. In the research project, she transcribes and translates interview material on abortion and male circumcision in Germany.
Burcu Halaç completed her undergraduate studies in the Translation and Interpreting Department at Bogazici University and continues her graduate studies in the Sociology Department, focusing on the social construction of virginity via gynecological practices. She works as a free-lance translator and editor. Burcu Halaç conducted, transcribed and translated interviews on abortion in Turkey and was involved in compiling the project’s literature database.
David conducted interviews on abortion in Germany and was involved in compiling the project’s literature database.
Publications
Jews, Muslims and Self-representations: The Headscarf and Ritual Male Circumcision Debates
Yurdakul, Gökce
In Meltem Kulacatan and Harry Harun Behr (eds). Migration, Religion, Gender und Bildung. Beiträge zu einem erweiterten Verständnis von Intersektionalität, Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.
Publication year: 2019
Jews, Muslims and the Ritual Male Circumcision Debate: Religious Diversity and Social Inclusion in Germany
Yurdakul, Gökce
In Jan-Jonathan Bock and Sharon MacDonald (eds). Refugees Welcome? Difference and Diversity in a Changing Germany, New York: Berghahn Books.
Publication year: 2018
Beschneidungsdebatten
Yurdakul, Gökce
In Ozan Keskinkilic und Armin Langer (hg) Fremdgemacht und Reorientiert: jüdische muslimische Verflechtungen. Cilmaz-Günay Verlag.
Publication year: 2018
Brain Death and Organ Transplantation
Shai Lavi, Hagai Boas
in Boas H. et al. (eds.) Bio-Israel: Bioethics, Law and Politics in Israel (Cambridge University Press, 2017), 258-276
Publication year: 2018
Jews, Muslims and the Ritual Male Circumcision Debate: Religious Diversity and Social Inclusion in Germany
Gökçe Yurdakul
Publication year: 2016
Teaching
Current Courses
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20182017
Winter Term 2017/2018: Body Politics and the Margins of Life
The Secular/Religious Tensions, Prof. Dr. Gökce Yurdakul and Gala Rexer
Past Courses
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20172016
Winter Term 2016/2017: Body Politics and the Margins of Life
The Secular/Religious Tensions, Gala Rexer
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20152015
Summer Term 2015: Body Politics and the Margins of Life
The Secular/Religious Tensions, Prof. Dr. Gökce Yurdakul
GIF Workshops & Conferences
Contested Authorities over the Body: The State, the Secular, and the Religious
KEYNOTE LECTURE
Pascale Fournier (University of Ottawa)
“Regulating Bodies & State Recognition: Jewish and Muslim Women in Contested Spaces in the West”
Discussants:
Yofi Tirosh (Tel Aviv University Faculty of Law and Sapir Academic College) and
Anna Korteweg (University of Toronto, Department of Sociology)
Introduction and moderation:
Gökce Yurdakul (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
When & where:
WZB (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung)
Keynote lecture 16:00-18:00h, reception 18:00-19:00h
Please register for participation: gala.rexer@hu-berlin.de
“Regulating Bodies & State Recognition: Jewish and Muslim Women in Contested Spaces in the West” – Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed a significant increase in scholarly attention to the subject of the interaction between secular law and religious norms. From the regulation of Muslim women’s bodies (most notably as it relates to the wearing of the niqab) to the recognition of religious family law, much of the debate in the West has centered on the appropriateness of state intervention in intersecting and contested cultural and legal spaces.
A dichotomous view of the relationship between religious law and secular law permeates the debates across the varied positions along the political spectrum. Those who perceive religion as a form of oppression towards women envision secular law as capable of ensuring gender equality. On the other hand, those who advocate the legitimacy of religion law claim that women use religious narrative as a form of identity and that this private and parallel sphere of normative expression should be respected as such in a multicultural state.
Drawing on her field research in the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Canada, Dr. Pascale Fournier’s keynote address will explore interesting and unexpected patterns of women’s agency, religious critique, and navigation of parallel civil and religious structures. In doing so, she will assess different models of secularism that are developing in the Western world and that can be deciphered by examining each country’s approach to policing religious women’s bodies and to recognising religious family law. Throughout, Dr. Fournier will insist on the lived experiences of religious women as narrated by religious women interviewed in the context of her field research, in the hopes of contributing to a broader dialogue on the integration of minorities through recognition of their distinct religious normative orders.
Contested Authorities over the Body: The State, the Secular, and the Religious – Workshop
International Workshop Humboldt University Berlin, Department of Diversity & Social Conflict Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research October 16-17, 2017
Participation by invitation only, keynote lecture is public
Conflicts between religion and secularity (i.e., secular and religious discourses, norms, actors, and institutions) are shaped differently in differing socio-legal contexts in the Middle East and Europe. While current scholarship has often studied this tension by focusing on religious rituals (headscarf, minarets, animal slaughter, etc.), we believe that new light can be shed on the religion/secularity tension by exploring a broader set of examples concerning bodily politics, that is legal contestations over images of the body and authority over the body. Dilemmas concerning reproductive technologies, abortion, circumcision, end of life decision making, and organ donation are only a few examples in which this tension plays out in contemporary societies and regulatory regimes.
The two-day workshop will bring together leading scholars to discuss religious and secular tensions over body politics, and the regulation of the body in the Europe, the US, and the Middle East. Among the questions we hope to discuss are:
- How do legislators, courts, and local regulators address religious and secular conflicts over the body?
- What role do religious and secular values, ideologies, traditions, and practices play in the regulation of the body and authority over the body in different countries?
- How do religions and secular worldviews envision differently the body and bodily authority?
- Who has the authority to decide on what is permissible to do with the body, and how do authority power dynamics between social actors change in the contemporary Middle East, Europe and the US?
- What are the gendered discursive formations in the body politics in national and transnational debates?
- How has the growing presence of the Middle East in Europe and the US and the lasting presence of Europe in the Middle East shape these debates?
- To what extent are secular discourses of the body as neutral and universal as they claim and to what extent are they grounded in local traditions including Christian conceptions and practices of the body?
- Conversely, to what extent are contemporary religious discourses shaped by secular? What can conflicts over bodily authority teach us about the formation of the religious/secular divide in different localities and jurisdictions?
Contested Authorities over the Body: The State, the Secular, and the Religious
International Workshop
Monday, October 16, 2017
09:30 – 10:00 Coffee
10:00 – 10:30 Welcome and introduction: Shai Lavi and Gökce Yurdakul
10:30 – 12:30 BIRTH
Moderation: Julia Teschlade (Freie Universität Berlin)
Tsipy Ivry (University of Haifa) “Divisions of Moral Labor Among Medical and Rabbinic Authorities”
Gala Rexer (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) “(Fragmented) Bearers of the Nation? The Role of Reproductive Technologies and the Body in Israel and Palestine“
12:30 – 13:30 Buffet Lunch
13:30 – 15:30 LIFE
Moderation: Tsipy Ivry (University of Haifa)
Shai Lavi (Tel Aviv University) Male Circumcision (title tba)
Gökce Yurdakul (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Shai Lavi (Tel Aviv University), Shvat Eilat (Tel Aviv University), Gala Rexer (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) “Contested Authorities Over Women’s Bodies: Religious / Secular Tensions in Abortion Debates in Germany, Turkey and Israel“
15:30 – 16:00 Coffee Break
16:00 – 18:00 INSTITUTIONS
Moderation:
Hagai Boas (Van Leer Jerusalem Institute) “Brain Death, Organ Donation and the Limits of Liberal Bioethics in Israel”
Aysecan Terzioglu (Sabanci University, Istanbul) “An Ongoing Battle of Different Perspectives: Dominant and Alternative Discourses on the Syrian Refugees’ Health Conditions in Turkey”
19:30 Dinner at for workshop participants
Tuesday, October 17, 2017
13:00-15:00 DEATH
Moderation: Hagai Boas (Van Leer Jerusalem Institute)
Silke Schicktanz (Georg-August Universität Göttingen) “Dying in Modern Medicine as Political Litmus Test? Comparing Citizen’s Moral Opinions about End of life Decision in Israel and Germany“
Shvat Eilat (Tel Aviv University) Israeli Mass Graves for Stillborn Infants: Between and Beyond Halakhic and State Personhood
16:00 – 18:00 KEYNOTE LECTURE at WZB (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung)
Pascale Fournier (University of Ottawa) “Regulating Bodies & State Recognition: Jewish and Muslim Women in Contested Spaces in the West”
Introduction and moderation: Gökce Yurdakul (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Discussants: Yofi Tirosh (Tel Aviv University Faculty of Law and Sapir Academic College) and Anna Korteweg (University of Toronto, Department of Sociology)
18:00-19:00 Reception
Abstracts
Divisions of Moral Labor among Medical and Rabbinic Authorities
Tsipy Ivry, Deptartment of Anthropology, University of Haifa
Who has the authority to decide on whether or not a pregnant woman should undergo prenatal diagnosis, and whether or not to terminate a pregnancy after a diagnosis of fetal anomaly? My paper is an exploration of the negotiations, surrounding this question, as they take place among religiously observant Jewish couples, experts in reproductive medicine, and rabbis who position themselves as experts in both rabbinic law and reproductive medicine.
Based on my ethnographies of prenatal diagnosis among non-religious and religiously observant Jewish communities in Israel I identify two models of decision-making about medico-moral issues: the first associated with secular-liberal societies, the second with traditional communities. I suggest that the differences between the models are less about conceptions of fetal subjectivity and more about how the labor of decision-making and the weight of moral responsibility can be divided.
The liberal model individualizes decision-making, assuming a scientifically literate “autonomous patient” that receives “non-directive” medical counseling. Physicians providing prenatal-diagnosis are especially threatened by lawsuits and tend to leave patients to practice “moral pioneering” (in Rayna Rapps idiom) on their own.
Observant communities tend to see post-diagnostic decisions as requiring the moral expertise of Tora scholars. The scientifically literate rabbis I observed offer consultation to pregnant women and their partners; they urge consultees to transmit unbearable moral responsibilities onto the rabbi. I explore the configurations that divisions of moral labor take among doctors, patients, and rabbis. Rather than discrete and separate entities, medical and rabbinic authorities emerge as interconnected and mutually constituted through divisions of moral labor. I proceed to explore the attractiveness of bio-religious authority in late modernity.
How moral responsibilities are divided, who can afford to shoulder them and how, I suggest, are important questions to ask if we opt to understand the transformations underway in authority power dynamics in the middle-east and beyond.
(Fragmented) Bearers of the Nation? The Role of Reproductive Technologies and the Body in Israel and Palestine
Gala Rexer, Department of Diversity and Social Conflict, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Reproduction has been studied extensively as an entry point into the study of social life in research considered with the relationship between assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and societies. Reproduction holds a crucial place in Israel and Palestine where a “demographic race” is one of the key issues between two national projects in one and the same land. Against this background, this paper is looking at the construction of a specific “chosen body” (and its “chosen” micro subparts, such as gametes) at the intersection of ARTs, nationalism and reproduction. In order to understand how legislators and local regulators in Israel and the West Bank address religious and secular conflicts in the regulation and implementation of reproductive technologies, I will examine the practices of sperm smuggling of Palestinian prisoners in Israeli prisons and sperm freezing of Israeli soldiers in Israel – both with the aim of subsequently enabling in vitro fertilization for their (prospective) partners. I will ask how religious and secular values and (gendered) practices shape the regulation, implementation and use of these reproductive technologies. I intent to illustrate how the involved bodies (sperm “donors”, mothers and their “in vitro” children or subparts of these bodies) are constructed as “bearers of the nation”. In order to do so, I will draw on my own interview data with the wives of Palestinian prisoners, legal data and media documents on sperm smuggling. I will furthermore explore the case of sperm freezing by examining media documents, websites and law cases (interviews are planned after the workshop takes place) to compare the two cases. By doing so, I will show how bodies and their technically assisted reproduction hold a distinct function in a biopolitical sense in these two national projects.
Male Circumcision, title tba
Shai Lavi, The Buchmann Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University and Van Leer Jerusalem Institute
Abstract tba
Contested Authorities Over Women’s Bodues: Religious / Secular Tensions in Abortion Debates In Germany, Turkey and Israel
Gökce Yurdakul (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Shai Lavi (Tel Aviv University), Shvat Eilat (Tel Aviv University), Gala Rexer (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
In this paper, we are concerned with how abortion is regulated in everyday level in three secular countries with mainly monotheistic religions. We examine how secular abortion laws are interpreted differently by institutional authorities who act as gate keepers of abortion practices and interpreters of abortion regulations for women. In order to understand how authority functions on an everyday level, we turn to keystake holders in abortion decision-making, such as medical staff, abortion consultants and representatives of civil society organizations. We argue that regulations are interpreted by the authorities who navigate secular-religious tensions. In each country, we conducted ten face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. We attempt to understand how abortion is governed and what kind of secular-religious tensions arise when deciding for or against abortion. All three countries, Germany, Israel and Turkey are allegedly secular states with monotheistic religious traditions, but each has its own understanding of the relationship between secularity, religion, and state law. In none of these countries can one simply contrast the secular state with religion because the particular variety of secularism in each was shaped not only by social, historical, and political forces, but also by religion – Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Hence, three-way-comparison is necessary in understanding contested authorities over abortion. In our findings, we show how wedical staff, abortion consultants and representatives of civil society organizations act as authorities of abortion regulations for women. They embody the tensions between secular and religious interpretations in their everyday practices and discourses.
Brain Death, Organ Donation and the limits of liberal Bioethics in Israel
Hagai Boas, Van Leer Jerusalem Institute
This paper introduces analytic contours of the brain death and organ donations controversies in Israel. It suggests that the Israeli case manifests a radical politicization of these issues that runs counter to the logics of liberal western bioethics. Against the liberal effort to address brain death and organ donation as two distinct ethical issues, in Israel the two are coupled together not only in the ethical discourse but also in legislation. Second, In Israel both the science of death and the ethics of organ donations are politicized to the degree that they translated into the secular-religious split of Israeli politics. In this paper I will discuss the implications of this process and will argue that the Israeli case is not an exception that lies outside of Western liberal bioethics, but rather is a vantage point that allows critical reflection on the naked roots of the liberal bioethical regulation of brain death and organ donations.
An Ongoing Battle of Different Perspectives: Dominant and Alternative Discourses on the Syrian Refugees’ Health Conditions in Turkey
Ayşecan Terzioğlu, Cultural Studies, Sabancı University
This article aims at discussing the social and medical discourses on the health condition and health care access of Syrian refugees in Turkey. It explores how the political, legal, economic, social and cultural factors lead to victim-blaming, discriminatory discourses against the Syrians in Turkey, and how these discourses are reflected and reproduced in the health sector, particularly vis-à-vis the Syrians’ high rates of reproduction. The Syrians’ presence is often seen as a political and social threat, and their health problems are evaluated as an extra burden for the health care providers. Accordingly, the Syrian bodies are also conceptualized differently than the “Turkish” bodies. The article also explores whether the religious and secular NGO’s can provide alternative, more inclusive discourses on the Syrians and their health condition, and how can they be more effective in challenging the dominant discourses.
Dying in Modern Medicine as Political Litmus Test? Comparing Citizen’s Moral Opinions about End of Life Decision in Israel and Germany
Silke Schicktanz, Department for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen
National legislation, as well as expert positions in Germany and Israel represent opposite regulatory approaches and bioethical debates concerning end-of-life care. This study analyses how these positions are mirrored in the attitudes of lay persons and influenced by religious views and personal experience of those being affected. We qualitatively analyzed 8 focus groups in Germany and Israel, where lay persons (religious, secular, affected, and not affected) were asked to discuss similar scenarios involving withholding/withdrawing treatment, physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. In both countries, respect for patient autonomy and wishes to die with dignity found broad consent. Lay people argued in favor of the acceptance of wishes put down in an advance directive. Based on the respect for autonomy, lay persons in non-religious groups in both countries argued for possibilities of euthanasia in severe cases, but at the same time cautioned against its possible misuse. National contrast was apparent in the moral reasoning of lay respondents concerning the distinction of withholding and withdrawing treatment. Especially the modern religious lay persons in Israel argued strongly against allowing the withdrawal of treatment based on a patient’s wish, by referring to the halakhic tradition. We conclude by discussing the emergent notion of shared responsibility and views of professional responsibility, connecting them with relevant cultural themes such as religion and national culture.
Israeli Mass Graves for Stillborn Infants: Between and Beyond Halakhic and State Personhood
Shvat Eilat, Department of Anthropology, Tel Aviv University
Administrative apparatuses and juridical systems are powerful authoritative bodies which both define and mediate between the individual and the state. These encounters are determined within the boundaries of meaning designated by the sovereign. From the early days of the state of Israel, both secular and Jewish religious (halakhic) law merge together and clash with one another, and are thus interdependent, although fraught with tension. The complex relationship between state and religion is most evident in the governance of bodies including burial, male circumcision and marital life. Within these contexts, bureaucratic practices are governed by a separate religious authority that operates under the secular state. In Israel, the Jewish burial organization known as the chevra kadisha is comprised of hundreds of local municipal societies. All of these follow the general principles of Jewish burial, but each retain some customs affiliated with a specific diasporic tradition. In the case of stillborn babies, different chevra kadisha societies have formulated different burial solutions over the years. More recently, over half of Israeli hospitals have shifted from local companies for this purpose to using a single contractor company, Chesed ve’Emeth (“Charity and Truth”), which buries all stillborn infants in a mass grave. For my research, I interviewed a group of Jewish-Israeli women whose deceased babies were interred in such a grave. These women appealed to the District Court, demanding that the court denounce mass burial and also that it recognize the wrongs inflicted upon the mothers. Within this context, I will present the conflicting justifications of the burial society, on one hand, and the mothers, on the other. The aim of this paper is to elaborate upon the “Jewishness” and “humanness” of this mass grave for stillborn infants. Furthermore, I analyze the different connotations associated with the “secularization of the body” in this context. In light of the fact that “the religious” and “the secular” concepts are interacting with each other, I will contemplate the specific constellation of personhood in the case of stillborn babies and explore the questions which arise concerning the mass grave.
Attended Workshops & Conferences
BODYRULES – Regeln im Umgang mit dem Körper im Spannungsfeld von Organisation und Migration Auftaktworkshop, organized by WZB, Charité Berlin and University of Potsdam, 10 October 2018, Prof. Dr. Yurdakul
2018 Postgraduate Bioethics Conference (PGBC), 23-24 July 2018, Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King’s College London. Presentation “Clinical Encounters: The Construction of Israeli Fertility Clinics as Utopian Non-Places”, Gala Rexer
The Anne Tanenbaum Centre for Jewish Studies at the University of Toronto, 26 March 2018, “Is Medicalization Secular: Regulating Circumcision in Germany, Turkey, and Israel”, Prof. Dr. Shai Lavi
Transformative Religion International Research Group, 2-3 January 2018, Theologische Fakultät, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Presentation, “Contested Authorities over Women’s Bodies: Religious/secular tensions in abortion debates in Germany, Turkey and Israel“, Prof. Dr. Gökce Yurdakul.
3hd Festival, Panel “Body, Technology, Politics“, 25 November 2017, HAU Berlin. Presentation “Biopolitics of Assisted Reproductive Technologies”, Gala Rexer.
Photo credit: Aiko Okamoto & Kai Yoshizawa
Conference “Talking Bodies 2017”, 19-22 April 2017, University of Chester. Conference presentation “Body Politics from Below? Assisted Reproductive Technologies in the Context of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict”, Gala Rexer.
International Summer School: “Critical Approaches to the Study of Religion and Gender: Postcolonial, Post-secular and Queer Perspectives” , 17-21 May 2017, Maastricht University. Presentation “Reproducing Bodies in Times of Crisis: Body Politics of Assisted Reproduction in the UK, Germany and Israel”, Gala Rexer.
Media & Public Appearances
“Regulating Bodies & State Recognition: Jewish and Muslim Women in Contested Spaces in the West”, Keynote Lecture Pascale Fournier (University of Ottawa), 17 October 2017
“Is Medicalization Secular? Regulating Circumcision in Israel, Germany and Turkey”, Science, Ethics and Democracy – Cross Disciplinary Perspectives on Technology and Morality at the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, Prof. Dr. Shai Lavi, 29 May 2017